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1 bordering states
-
2 border states
= bordering states пограничные государства -
3 border
'bo:də
1. noun1) (the edge of a particular thing: the border of a picture/handkerchief.) borde2) (the boundary of a country: They'll ask for your passport at the border.) frontera3) (a flower bed round the edge of a lawn etc: a flower border.) arriate
2. verb((with on) to come near to or lie on the border of: Germany borders on France.) lindar con
3. noun(the border between one thing and another: He was on the borderline between passing and failing.) límiteborder n1. frontera2. bordetr['bɔːdəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (of country) frontera2 (edge) borde nombre masculino3 (in sewing) ribete nombre masculino, orla4 (of flowers, plants) arriate nombre masculino1 fronterizo,-a1 (sew) ribetear, orlar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto cross the border cruzar la fronteraBorder collie perro pastor escocésborder ['bɔrdər] vt1) edge: ribetear, bordear2) bound: limitar con, lindar conborder viverge: rayar, lindarthat borders on absurdity: eso raya en el absurdoborder n1) edge: borde m, orilla f2) trim: ribete m3) frontier: frontera fn.• borde s.m.• filo s.m. (Edging)n.• cenefa s.f. (Shore)n.• orla s.f.adj.• borde adj.• frontera adj.• fronterizo, -a adj.n.• aledaño s.m.• arcén s.m.• arriate s.m.• bordadura s.f.• canto (Borde) s.m.• cerco s.m.• confín s.m.• filete s.m.• franja s.f.• frontera s.f.• margen s.m.• orilla s.f.• ribete s.m.v.• alindar v.• confinar v.• confrontar v.• lindar v.• orlar v.
I 'bɔːrdər, 'bɔːdə(r)1) ( Pol) frontera fParaguay has borders with three countries — Paraguay limita con tres países; (before n) <dispute, town> fronterizo
2)a) ( edge) borde mb) (edging - on fabric, plate) cenefa f3) ( in garden) arriate m, cantero m (RPl)
II
a) \<\<country/state\>\> limitar con; \<\<fields/lands\>\> lindar conbordering states — estados mpl limítrofes or fronterizos
b) (edge - with ribbon, binding) ribetearPhrasal Verbs:['bɔːdǝ(r)]1. N2) (=frontier) frontera fthe Borders — (Brit) la frontera entre Inglaterra y Escocia
3) (Sew) orilla f, cenefa f2. VT1) (=adjoin) bordear, lindar conit is bordered on the north by... — linda al norte con...
2) (Sew) ribetear, orlar3.CPD [area, ballad] fronterizo; [guard] de la fronteraborder dispute N — disputa f fronteriza
border incident N — incidente m fronterizo
border patrol N — (US) patrulla f de fronteras
border post N — puesto m fronterizo
border town N — pueblo m fronterizo
* * *
I ['bɔːrdər, 'bɔːdə(r)]1) ( Pol) frontera fParaguay has borders with three countries — Paraguay limita con tres países; (before n) <dispute, town> fronterizo
2)a) ( edge) borde mb) (edging - on fabric, plate) cenefa f3) ( in garden) arriate m, cantero m (RPl)
II
a) \<\<country/state\>\> limitar con; \<\<fields/lands\>\> lindar conbordering states — estados mpl limítrofes or fronterizos
b) (edge - with ribbon, binding) ribetearPhrasal Verbs: -
4 state
1. n1) государство3) состояние; положение•to accept the existence of a state — признавать существование какого-л. государства
to be in a state of smth — находиться в каком-л. состоянии
to carry a state — добиваться победы на выборах / одерживать победу в каком-л. штате
to declare a state — объявлять о создании государства, провозглашать государство
to detain smb under the current state of emergency — задерживать кого-л. согласно действующему закону о чрезвычайном положении
to govern / to guide a state — руководить государством
to incorporate a state into a country — включать какое-л. государство в состав страны
to institute a state of siege — объявлять осадное положение; вводить / устанавливать осадное положение
to reconstitute a state — восстанавливать какое-л. государство
to reduce to the state of smth — низводить до какого-л. положения
to re-impose the state of siege — вновь вводить / восстанавливать осадное положение
to stop short of recognizing a state — не признавать какое-л. государство
- accrediting stateto take action under the state of siege — принимать меры в соответствии с приказом о введении осадного положения
- active state
- adjacent state
- admission of a state in the United Nations
- affairs of state
- aggressor state
- agrarian state
- agrarian-industrial state
- alarming state
- allied state
- apartheid state
- associated states
- at the helm of a state
- Baltic states
- banner state
- belligerent states
- border states
- bordering states
- bourgeois state
- bourgeois-democratic state
- bourgeois-parliamentary state
- breakup of a state
- buffer state
- bureaucratic police state
- call of the states
- capitalist state
- cast-ridden state
- civilized state
- client state
- coastal state
- constitutional state
- contesting states
- continental state
- contracting state
- corporate state
- creation of a state
- delinquent state
- dependent state
- depository state
- developed state - donor state
- enemy state
- equal states
- erection of a state
- exploiting state
- exporting state
- extra-zonal state
- federal state
- federative state
- founding of a state
- friendly state
- front-line state
- guarantor state
- Gulf states
- hinterland state
- home state
- hopeless state
- imposition of a state of emergency
- in a state of stagnation
- independent state
- initial state
- island state
- land-locked state
- law-based state
- law-governed state
- leading state
- lease-holder-state
- legal state
- littoral state
- loosely knit state
- mandatory state
- mediator state
- member state
- militarist state
- military-police state
- moderate state
- multinational state
- national state
- national-democratic state
- nationally uniform state
- near-land-locked state
- near-nuclear state
- neighboring state
- neutral state
- neutralist state
- neutralized state
- new state
- newly proclaimed state
- newly-independent state
- NNWS
- nonaligned states
- nonbelligerent state
- noncoastal state
- nondemocratic state
- nonlittoral state
- non-member state
- non-nuclear state
- non-nuclear-weapon state
- nonsignatory state
- normal state
- nuclear capable state
- nuclear-weapon states
- oceanic coastal state
- offending state
- oil state
- one-party state
- opposite states
- parent state
- participant state
- participating state
- peace-loving state
- permanently neutral state
- pivotal state
- police state
- possession of state secrets
- prenuclear state
- princely state
- proclamation of a state
- producer state
- proletarian state
- protected state
- protecting state
- protector state
- provider state
- puppet state
- rebel state
- receiving state
- recipient state
- reparian state
- requesting state
- responsibility of states
- rightful state
- rogue state
- satellite state
- secular state
- self-imposed state of isolation
- self-sufficient state
- separate state
- signatory state
- slave state
- sovereign state
- stable state
- stagnant state
- state holding most electoral votes
- state of affairs
- state of emergency
- state of market
- state of residence
- state of siege
- state of the economy
- state of trade
- state of war
- state within a state
- states concerned
- states parties
- states with different social structures
- successful state
- territorially integral state
- terrorist state
- The Succession State
- The United State of Europe
- The Warsaw Treaty State
- theocratic state
- threshold state
- totalitarian state
- transgressing state
- transgressor state
- transient state
- transition towards a multiparty state
- trustee state
- unified state
- unitary state
- unity of the state
- user state
- vassal states
- viable state
- welfare state
- young sovereign states
- zonal states 2. vзаявлять; излагать; выражать; сообщать; высказывать; констатировать; формулироватьto state an opinion / a question etc. — излагать мнение / вопрос и т.п.
-
5 state
1) государство | государственный2) амер. штат | относящийся к штату3) положение; состояние4) заявлять; сообщать; утверждать; излагать; констатировать; формулировать; указывать•state at war — государство, находящееся в состоянии войны, воюющее государство;
states concerned — заинтересованные государства; соответствующие государства;
to state a case — сформулировать спорные вопросы по делу; докладывать о деле, о существе спора;
to state a charge — сформулировать обвинение;
to state an offence — 1. определить состав преступления 2. точно описать совершённое или вменённое преступление;
- state of factsto state one's case — изложить свою аргументацию; изложить свою версию
- state of international law
- state of martial law
- state of mind
- state of peace
- state of siege
- state of the arts
- state of the art
- state of the law
- state of transit
- state of war
- adjoining state
- aggressor state
- archipelagic state
- asylum state
- authoritarian state
- belligerent state
- bordering state
- border state
- buffer state
- circumjacent states
- civil state
- coastal state
- composite state
- confederated states
- constituent states
- constitutional state
- creditor state
- current state of law
- debtor state
- delinquent state
- demanding state
- depository state
- diminutive state
- donor state
- emergency state
- extraditing state
- federal state
- federated state
- federating state
- flag state
- foreign state
- forum state
- friendly state
- guilty state of mind
- host state
- inland state
- island state
- land-locked state
- littoral state
- mandatory state
- maritime state
- marriage state
- member state
- mental state
- nation state
- near-land-locked state
- neighbouring state
- neutralized state
- non-coastal state
- opposite state
- original states
- parent state
- participating state
- police state
- protected state
- protecting state
- puppet state
- receiving state
- reparian state
- sea-locked state
- sending state
- shelfless state
- shelf-locked state
- signatory state
- simple state
- single state
- slave state
- sovereign state
- trust state
- union state
- unitary state
- vassal state
- zone-locked state
- matrimonial state -
6 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
7 border
border ['bɔ:də(r)]1 noun(a) (boundary) frontière f;∎ on the border between Norway and Sweden à la frontière entre la Norvège et la Suède;∎ they live near the Scottish border ils habitent près de la frontière écossaise;∎ to cross the border passer la frontière;∎ they tried to escape over the border ils ont tenté de s'enfuir en passant la frontière;∎ north of the Border (from viewpoint of England) en Écosse; (from viewpoint of Ireland) en Irlande du nord; (from viewpoint of the US) au Canada;∎ south of the Border (from viewpoint of Scotland) en Angleterre; (from viewpoint of Northern Ireland) en République d'Irlande; (from viewpoint of Canada) aux États-Unis; (from viewpoint of the US) au Mexique(b) (outer edge → of lake) bord m, rive f; (→ of field) bordure f, limite f; (→ of forest) lisière f, limite f(c) (edging → of dress, handkerchief, plate, notepaper) bord m, bordure f(state) frontière (inv); (zone) frontière (inv), frontalier; (search) à la frontière; (dispute, patrol) frontalier(b) (be adjacent to) toucher;∎ Mexico borders Texas le Mexique touche ou a une frontière commune avec le Texas;∎ their garden is bordered on two sides by open fields sur deux côtés, leur jardin est entouré de champs à perte de vue∎ the Borders les Borders fpl, = région frontalière du sud-est de l'Écosse;∎ in the Borders dans les Borders►► Border collie colley m berger;border controls contrôles mpl aux frontières;border crossing passage m de frontière;Military border guard garde-frontière m;border incident incident m de frontière;border police police f des frontières;Customs border post poste-frontière m;border region région f frontalière;border states = états américains limitrophes du Canada;Border terrier terrier m;border town ville f frontière ou frontalière(a) (be adjacent to) toucher, avoisiner;∎ my property borders on his ma propriété touche la sienne;∎ Italy and Austria border on each other l'Italie et l'Autriche ont une frontière commune ou sont limitrophes(b) (verge on) friser, frôler;∎ to border on rudeness/a lie/the absurd friser l'impolitesse/le mensonge/l'absurde;∎ his remark borders on slander sa remarque frise la calomnie;∎ hysteria bordering upon madness une crise de nerfs proche de ou qui frôle la folie
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